Income and employment: key references and evidence

Anderson K. Compounding the hardship The two-child limit, the benefit cap and the cost of living crisis. Benefit changes & larger families, 2023.

All Party Parliamentary Group on Health in All Policies. Inquiry: Child Poverty and Health: the Impact of the Welfare Reform and Work Bill 2015-16.

Bambra C. Work, Worklessness and the Political Economy of Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Barr B, Taylor-Robinson D, Stuckler D, Loopstra R, Reeves A, Whitehead M. ‘First, do no harm’: are disability assessments associated with adverse trends in mental health? A longitudinal ecological study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016;70:339 345.

Beatty C, Fothergill S. The Impact on Scotland of the New Welfare Reforms. Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research, Sheffield Hallam University; 2016.

Beatty C, Fothergill S, Gore T. The real level of unemployment 2017. Sheffield, Sheffield Hallam University; 2017.

Beatty C, Fothergill S, Gore T, Leather D. The real level of unemployment 2022: The myth of full employment across Britain. Sheffield, Sheffield Hallam University; 2022.

Chandola T, Zhang N; Re-employment, job quality, health and allostatic load biomarkers: prospective evidence from the UK Household Longitudinal Study, International Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 47, Issue 1, 1 February 2018, Pages 47–57.

Cooper K, Stewart K. Does money in adulthood affect adult outcomes? York, Joseph Rowntree Foundation; 2015.

Davis A, Hill K, Hirsch D, Padley M. A Minimum Income Standard for the UK in 2016. York, Joseph Rowntree Foundation; 2016.

Department for Work and Pensions. Universal Credit: welfare that works (1.73Mb) Cm 7957. The Stationary Office (TSO), November 2010.

Department for Work and Pensions, Department of Health and Social Care. Improving lives: the future of work, health and disability Cm 9529. The Stationary Office (TSO), November 2017.

Dwyer P, Jones K, McNeill J, Scullion L, Stewart A. First Wave findings: Disability and conditionality. ESRC Welfare Conditionality Project; 2016. 

ESRC Welfare Conditionality Project. First Wave Findings: Social Security in Scotland. June 2016.

Geiger, BB. Benefits conditionality for disabled people: stylised facts from a review of international evidence and practice, Journal of Poverty and Social Justice, vol 25, no 2, 107–28, 2017.

Katikireddi, S.V., Leyland, A.H., McKee, M., Ralston, K., and Stuckler, D. Patterns of mortality by occupation in the UK, 1991–2011: a comparative analysis of linked census and mortality records. The Lancet Public Health 2017.

Katikireddi SV, Molaodi OR, Gibson M, Dundas R, Craig P. Effects of restrictions to Income Support on health of lone mothers in the UK: a natural experiment study Lancet Public Health 2018; 3(7): e333-40.

Macintyre S. Inequalities in health in Scotland: what are they are what can we do about them? MRC Social & Public Health Unit Occasional Paper No. 17. Glasgow: MRC Social & Public Health Unit, 2017.

Marmot M. Fair Society, Healthy Lives: Strategic review of health inequalities in England post-2010. Marmot review final report. University College London, 2010.

Morris JN, Donkin AJM, Wonderling D, Wilkinson P, Dowler EA.  A minimum income for healthy living. J Epidemiol Community Health 2000;54:885–889.

National Audit Office. Department for Work & Pensions Benefit sanctions: detailed methodology. NAO; 2016.

Patrick R, Andersen K, Reader M, Reeves A, Stewart K. Needs and entitlements welfare reform and larger families. Benefit changes & larger families, 2023.

Padley M, Stone J. A Minimum Income Standard for the United Kingdom in 2023. Joseph Rowntree Foundation; 2023.

Pulford A, Thapa A, Thomson RM, et al. Does persistent precarious employment affect health outcomes among working age adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health 2022;76:909–917.

Richardson E, Fenton L, Parkinson J, Pulford A, Taulbut M, McCartney G, Robinson M.. The effect of income-based policies on mortality inequalities in Scotland: a modelling study. Lancet Pub Health 2020; 5: e150-6.

Richardson E, Taulbut M, Robinson M, Pulford A, McCartney G. The contribution of changes to tax and social security to stalled life expectancy trends in Scotland: a modelling study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2020; 75(4).

Richardson E, McCartney G, Taulbut M, et al. Population mortality impacts of the rising cost of living in Scotland: scenario modelling study. BMJ Public Health 2023;1:e000097. doi:10.1136/bmjph-2023-000097

Roelfs DJ, Shor E, Davidson KW, Schwartz JE. Losing Life and Livelihood: A Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis of Unemployment and All-Cause Mortality. Social Science and Medicine 2011 March; 72(6): 840–854.

Scottish Parliament Health and Sport Committee Report on Health Inequalities. SP Paper 637 1st Report, Session 4 (2015)

Social Metrics Commission. A new measure of poverty for the UK: The final report of the Social Metrics Commission. London: SMC; 2018.

Stuart F, Pautz H, Crimin S, Wright S. What makes for Decent Work? A Study with low-paid workers in Scotland: Initial Findings. UWS-Oxfam Partnership, 2016.

Wane K, Berry K, Kidner C, Georghiou N. SPICe Briefing: New Social Security Powers. Edinburgh: Scottish Parliament Information Centre (SPICe), The Scottish Parliament, Edinburgh, 2016.  

Wickham S, Bentley L, Rose T, Whitehead M, Taylor-Robinson D, Barr B. Effects on mental health of a UK welfare reform, Universal Credit: a longitudinal controlled study. Lancet Public Health 2020; 5(3): 157-64.

Effectiveness evidence

ScotPHO's purpose is to describe the pattern of health across the Scottish population. As a supplementary service to users, we include the following links to external sources of quality-assured evidence on effectiveness of interventions which may include relevant material for this topic. These links are provided as an aid to users. They are by no means exhaustive nor should they be necessarily viewed as authoritative.

NHS Health Scotland: Scottish briefings on NICE public health guidance

Centre for Reviews and Dissemination

Cochrane Library: Browse by topic

EPPI-Centre: Evidence library

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Evidence services: Evidence search

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Guidance: Find guidance

Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN)